Paratyphoid fever is a systemic disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella Paratyphi usually through ingestion of contaminated food or water (WHO, 2019).

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARSCoV) (WHO, 2019).

Anthrax is a disease caused by the spore-forming bacteria Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous animals, although all mammals, including humans can contract it. In humans, anthrax manifests itself in three distinct patterns (cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalational) (adapted from WHO, FAO and OIE, 2008; CDC, 2020).

Plague is an acute febrile infectious disease caused by the zoonotic bacteria Yersinia pestis (Dennis et al., 1999).

Q fever is a widespread zoonosis caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. The respiratory tract is the most common route of infection, which occurs by inhalation of contaminated dust and spray shed from infected animals. Livestock, more specifically dairy goats and cows are considered as the major ‘source’ for human infections; dairy products from infected goats or cows are also an important source of infection (FAO, no date).

Animal disease is an impairment of the normal state of an animal that interrupts or modifies its vital function. Infectious diseases of livestock and wildlife are a major threat to global animal health and welfare and their effective control is crucial for agronomic health, for safeguarding and securing national and international food supplies and for alleviating rural poverty in developing countries. This hazard information profile focusses on animal diseases not including zoonoses (Britannica, 2021; adapted from Tomley and Shirley, 2009).

Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes (WHO, 2019).

Typhoid fever is a life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is usually spread through contaminated food or water. An estimated 11–20 million people get sick from typhoid and between 128,000 and 161,000 people die from it every year (WHO, 2018).

Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in young children throughout the world. According to WHO estimates in 2013 about 215,000 children aged under 5 years die each year from vaccine-preventable rotavirus infections; the vast majority of these children live in low-income countries (WHO, 2018).