Volcanogenic

12 items found. Page 1 of 2.

Volcanogenic

GH0009

A lava flow or lava dome is a body of lava that forms during an eruption, or main eruptive episode. Lava flows are outpourings of fluid, relatively low-viscosity molten rock, whereas a lava dome is a pile of relatively viscous lava that cannot flow far from the vent (Calder et al., 2015; Kilburn, 2015).

Volcanogenic

GH0010

Ash/Tephra Fall (Physical and Chemical)

Tephra is a collective term for fragmented magma and old (i.e., preexisting) rocks ejected into the atmosphere from volcanic vents during an explosive eruption, irrespective of size, composition and shape (BGS, no date). The term ‘volcanic ash’ refers to the finest particles of tephra (less than 2 mm diameter).

Volcanogenic

GH0011

Ballistics (Volcanic)

Ballistics comprise fragments of magma and old (i.e., pre-existing) rocks ejected during an explosive eruption at variable velocity and angle on cannon ball-like trajectories; they are not entrained within the volcanic plume and are dispersed in proximity to the vent (typically 5 km) (adapted from Biass et al., 2016 and Bonadonna et al., 2021).

Volcanogenic

GH0012

Pyroclastic Density Current

Pyroclastic density currents are hot, fast-moving mixtures of volcanic particles and gas that flow according to their density relative to the surrounding medium and the Earth’s gravity. They typically originate from the gravitational collapse of explosive eruption columns, lava domes or lava-flow fronts, and from explosive lateral blasts (adapted from Branney and Kokelaar, 2002 and Cole et al., 2015).

Volcanogenic

GH0013

Debris Flow/Lahars/Floods

Lahars are discrete, rapid, gravity-driven, water-saturated flows containing water and solid particles of volcanic rock, sediment, ice, wood, and other debris that originate at volcanoes (Gudmundsson, 2015; Vallance and Iverson, 2015).

Volcanogenic

GH0014

Landslide (Volcanic Trigger)

A landslide is the downslope movement of soil, rock and organic materials under the effects of gravity, which occurs when the gravitational driving forces exceed the frictional resistance of the material resisting on the slope. Landslides could be terrestrial or submarine (Varnes, 1978).

Volcanogenic

GH0015

Ground Shaking (Volcanic Earthquake)

Ground shaking is the movement of the Earth’s surface from earthquakes. Ground shaking is produced by waves that travel through the earth and along its surface (USGS, no date).

A volcanic earthquake is any earthquake that results from tectonic forces which occur in conjunction with volcanic activity (UN-SPIDER, no date).

Volcanogenic

GH0016

Volcanic Gases and Aerosols

Volcanic gas includes any gas-phase substance that is emitted by volcanic or volcanic-geothermal activity. Volcanic aerosols include liquid or solid particles that are small enough to be suspended in the air, and that are emitted by volcanic or volcanic-geothermal activity (adapted from Baxter and Horwell, 2015, Fischer and Chiodini 2015, and Williams- Jones and Rymer 2015).

Volcanogenic

GH0017

Tsunami (Volcanic Trigger)

Volcano tsunamis (pronounced soo-ná-mees), are a series of waves created when water surrounding a volcano is displaced following an eruption, a landslide, or failure of a volcanic edifice into surrounding water. If the generating mechanism is large enough, the waves can be significant on local, regional or even transoceanic scales (Day, 2015).

Volcanogenic

GH0018

Lightning (Volcanic Trigger)

Volcanic lightning is an electrical discharge caused by a volcanic eruption. It is typically associated with ash-rich eruption plumes but can also arise from a range of volcanic processes including ground-hugging ash flows and lava-ocean entry (adapted from Mather and Harrison, 2006; Behnke and McNutt, 2014; and McNutt and Thomas, 2015).

Is this page useful?

Yes No

Report an issue on this page

Thank you. If you have 2 minutes, we would benefit from additional feedback (link opens in a new window).

PreventionWeb is the global knowledge sharing platform for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and resilience.