GAR 2015 Main Report

186

Part III - Chapter 9

However, as in Calton, disaster risk is shaped not only by income poverty but by a range of social and economic factors that determine entitlements and capabilities (Shepherd et al., 2013

Shepherd, Andrew, Tom Mitchell, Kirsty Lewis, Amanda Lenhardt, Lindsey Jones, Lucy Scott and Robert Muir-Wood. 2013,The geography of poverty, disasters and climate extremes in 2030, Overseas Development Institute, MetOffice and RMS. October 2013.. .

). Access to services, political voice, and social and economic status directly affect disaster risk and resilience (Satterthwaite and Mitlin, 2014

Satterthwaite, David and Diana Mitlin. 2014,Reducing Urban Poverty in the Global South, USA and Canada: Routledge Publishing.. .

). Key factors in underprivileged areas include lowquality and insecure housing; limited access to basic services such as health care, public transport and communications, and to infrastructure such as water, sanitation, drainage and roads; a low asset base; and the absence of a safety net (ibid.). Higher mortality and morbidity rates among children, the elderly and women are directly linked to these different poverty factors (Anderson, 1994

Anderson, Mary. 1994,Disaster Prevention for Sustainable Development, Economic and policy issues. Ch. 3. In Vulnerability to Disaster and Sustainable Development: A General Framework for Assessing Vulnerability. Mohan Munasinghe and Caroline Clarke, eds. Washington, D.C.: The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduc. .

; IASC, 2006

IASC (Inter-Agency Standing Committee). 2006,Women, Girls, Boys and Men: Different Needs, Equal Opportunities, IASC Gender Handbook in Humanitarian Action. December 2006.. .

; Benson and Bugge, 2007

Benson, Lynne and Jon Bugge. 2007,Child-Led Disaster Risk Reduction: A Practical Guide, Save the Children.. .

; Aldrich and Benson, 2008

Aldrich, Nancy and William Benson. 2008,Disaster Preparedness and the Chronic Disease Needs of Vulnerable Older Adults, Preventing Chronic Disease. Public Health Research, Practice and Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1 (January).. .

; Walden et al., 2009

Walden, Daniel, Nick Hall and Kelly Hawrylyshyn. 2009,Participation and Protection: Children’s Involvement in Climate Change Debates, IDS In Focus Policy Briefing 13.4. November 2009. Institute of Development Studies.. .

; UNISDR, 2009a

UNISDR. 2009a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a Changing Climate, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. .

; World Bank, 2010

World Bank. 2010,World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.. .

; Nilufar, 2012

Nilufar, Ahmad. 2012,Gender and Climate Change in Bangladesh: The Role of Institutions in Reducing Gender Gaps in Adaptation Program, A summary of ESW Report no. P125705, Paper No. 126/March 2012. Social Development Papers. Social Inclusion.. .

; Shepherd et al., 2013

People who are subject to multi-dimensional poverty are more likely to live in hazard-exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures. As such, conditions of everyday

risk become configured as patterns of extensive disaster risk (Figure 9.2), which in turn lead to accumulations of intensive risk in regions exposed to earthquakes, tropical cyclones and other major hazards.

The lack of access to insurance and social protection mechanisms and the general difficulty of mobilizing assets to buffer losses then means that damage to housing, local infrastructure, livestock and crops feeds back into a range of disaster impacts and poverty outcomes (UNISDR, 2009a

UNISDR. 2009a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a Changing Climate, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. .

; Baez et al., 2009

Baez, Javier, Alejandro de la Fuente and Indhira Santos. 2009,Do Natural Disasters Affect Human Capital? An Assessment Based on Existing Empirical Evidence, IZA Discussion Paper No. 5164.. .

). Recurrent extensive disasters erode the asset base of households, leading to greater risk and lower resilience. In the case of people living at or below the poverty line, with a severely constrained ability to accumulate or mobilize assets, disaster risk will continue to be a factor that not only reflects but also drives poverty. For example, floods and droughts in Mexico make a significant contribution to lower human development and increased poverty. Between 2000 and 2005, the impact of disasters on human development was equal to a two-year loss of progress on average, and the effect on

Figure 9.2 The disaster risk–poverty nexus

(Source: UNISDR.)

	186 Part III - Chapter 9 However, as in Calton, disaster risk is shaped not only by income poverty but by a range of social and economic factors that determine entitlements and capabilities (Shepherd et al., 2013 x Shepherd, Andrew, Tom Mitchell, Kirsty Lewis, Amanda Lenhardt, Lindsey Jones, Lucy Scott and Robert Muir-Wood. 2013,The geography of poverty, disasters and climate extremes in 2030, Overseas Development Institute, MetOffice and RMS. October 2013.. . ). Access to services, political voice, and social and economic status directly affect disaster risk and resilience (Satterthwaite and Mitlin, 2014 x Satterthwaite, David and Diana Mitlin. 2014,Reducing Urban Poverty in the Global South, USA and Canada: Routledge Publishing.. . ). Key factors in underprivileged areas include lowquality and insecure housing; limited access to basic services such as health care, public transport and communications, and to infrastructure such as water, sanitation, drainage and roads; a low asset base; and the absence of a safety net (ibid.). Higher mortality and morbidity rates among children, the elderly and women are directly linked to these different poverty factors (Anderson, 1994 x Anderson, Mary. 1994,Disaster Prevention for Sustainable Development, Economic and policy issues. Ch. 3. In Vulnerability to Disaster and Sustainable Development: A General Framework for Assessing Vulnerability. Mohan Munasinghe and Caroline Clarke, eds. Washington, D.C.: The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduc. . ; IASC, 2006 x IASC (Inter-Agency Standing Committee). 2006,Women, Girls, Boys and Men: Different Needs, Equal Opportunities, IASC Gender Handbook in Humanitarian Action. December 2006.. . ; Benson and Bugge, 2007 x Benson, Lynne and Jon Bugge. 2007,Child-Led Disaster Risk Reduction: A Practical Guide, Save the Children.. . ; Aldrich and Benson, 2008 x Aldrich, Nancy and William Benson. 2008,Disaster Preparedness and the Chronic Disease Needs of Vulnerable Older Adults, Preventing Chronic Disease. Public Health Research, Practice and Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1 (January).. . ; Walden et al., 2009 x Walden, Daniel, Nick Hall and Kelly Hawrylyshyn. 2009,Participation and Protection: Children’s Involvement in Climate Change Debates, IDS In Focus Policy Briefing 13.4. November 2009. Institute of Development Studies.. . ; UNISDR, 2009a x UNISDR. 2009a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a Changing Climate, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . ; World Bank, 2010 x World Bank. 2010,World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.. . ; Nilufar, 2012 x Nilufar, Ahmad. 2012,Gender and Climate Change in Bangladesh: The Role of Institutions in Reducing Gender Gaps in Adaptation Program, A summary of ESW Report no. P125705, Paper No. 126/March 2012. Social Development Papers. Social Inclusion.. . ; Shepherd et al., 2013 x Shepherd, Andrew, Tom Mitchell, Kirsty Lewis, Amanda Lenhardt, Lindsey Jones, Lucy Scott and Robert Muir-Wood. 2013,The geography of poverty, disasters and climate extremes in 2030, Overseas Development Institute, MetOffice and RMS. October 2013.. . ). People who are subject to multi-dimensional poverty are more likely to live in hazard-exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures. As such, conditions of everyday risk become configured as patterns of extensive disaster risk (Figure 9.2), which in turn lead to accumulations of intensive risk in regions exposed to earthquakes, tropical cyclones and other major hazards. The lack of access to insurance and social protection mechanisms and the general difficulty of mobilizing assets to buffer losses then means that damage to housing, local infrastructure, livestock and crops feeds back into a range of disaster impacts and poverty outcomes (UNISDR, 2009a x UNISDR. 2009a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a Changing Climate, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . ; Baez et al., 2009 x Baez, Javier, Alejandro de la Fuente and Indhira Santos. 2009,Do Natural Disasters Affect Human Capital? An Assessment Based on Existing Empirical Evidence, IZA Discussion Paper No. 5164.. . ). Recurrent extensive disasters erode the asset base of households, leading to greater risk and lower resilience. In the case of people living at or below the poverty line, with a severely constrained ability to accumulate or mobilize assets, disaster risk will continue to be a factor that not only reflects but also drives poverty. For example, floods and droughts in Mexico make a significant contribution to lower human development and increased poverty. Between 2000 and 2005, the impact of disasters on human development was equal to a two-year loss of progress on average, and the effect on Figure 9.2 The disaster risk–poverty nexus (Source: UNISDR.)	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