GAR 2015 Main Report

187

poverty was equivalent to an increase of 1.5 to 3.7 per cent (Rodriguez-Oreggia et al., 2012

Rodriguez-Oreggia, Eduardo, Alejandro De La Fuente, Rodolfo De La Torre and Hector A. Moreno. 2012,Natural Disasters, Human Development and Poverty at the Municipal Level in Mexico, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 49, No. 3: 442-455.. .

Evidence from microeconomic studies also shows that intensive disasters have a disproportional impact on the poorest households, which tend to lose a higher proportion of their productive assets. Similarly, these same households often have less capacity to mobilize assets to buffer losses and recover. As such, intensive disasters can lead to a broadening and deepening of poverty and inequality as well as longer-run impacts on health, education, nutrition and productivity.

Evidence from the 2007 earthquake in Peru shows that both measurable poverty as well as subjective poverty (poverty as perceived by those affected) increased considerably in the Ica Region, the most severely affected area in the country (Lucchetti, 2011

Lucchetti, Leonardo. 2011,Three Essays on Household Welfare, Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.. .

). In the Philippines, analyses of rainfall data and household consumption patterns show that even smaller but more

frequent deviations from normal rainfall patterns directly impact the welfare of poor households, particularly those in rural areas with limited access to markets (Safir et al., 2013

Safir, Abla, Sharon Faye Piza and Emmanuel Skoufias. 2013,Disquiet on the Weather Front: The Welfare Impacts of Climatic Variability in the Rural Philippines, Policy Research Working Paper 6579. World Bank, Washington, D.C.. .

Health effects have also been shown to be significant, particularly for young children and the elderly: in the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch, the probability of undernourishment in children almost quadrupled in the regions hit by the hurricane, and children were 30 per cent less likely to be taken to a doctor when they were sick (Baez, 2007

Baez, Javier and Indhira Santos. 2007,Children’s Vulnerability to Weather Shocks: A Natural Disaster as a Natural Experiment, April 2007.. .

In many cities in low and middle-income countries, weak and under-resourced local governments do not have the capacity to manage the processes that are generating and accumulating disaster risk, nor to provide social protection (UNISDR, 2009a

UNISDR. 2009a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a Changing Climate, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. .

, 2011a, 2013a; Mitlin and Satterthwaite, 2013

Mitlin, Diana and David Satterthwaite. 2013,Urban Poverty in the Global South, Scale and Nature. USA and Canada: Routledge Publishing.. .

). While annual local government spending (Figure 9.3) in a high-income country

Figure 9.3 Annual local government expenditure per person

(Source: United Cities and Local Government, 2010.)

	187 poverty was equivalent to an increase of 1.5 to 3.7 per cent (Rodriguez-Oreggia et al., 2012 x Rodriguez-Oreggia, Eduardo, Alejandro De La Fuente, Rodolfo De La Torre and Hector A. Moreno. 2012,Natural Disasters, Human Development and Poverty at the Municipal Level in Mexico, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 49, No. 3: 442-455.. . ). Evidence from microeconomic studies also shows that intensive disasters have a disproportional impact on the poorest households, which tend to lose a higher proportion of their productive assets. Similarly, these same households often have less capacity to mobilize assets to buffer losses and recover. As such, intensive disasters can lead to a broadening and deepening of poverty and inequality as well as longer-run impacts on health, education, nutrition and productivity. Evidence from the 2007 earthquake in Peru shows that both measurable poverty as well as subjective poverty (poverty as perceived by those affected) increased considerably in the Ica Region, the most severely affected area in the country (Lucchetti, 2011 x Lucchetti, Leonardo. 2011,Three Essays on Household Welfare, Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.. . ). In the Philippines, analyses of rainfall data and household consumption patterns show that even smaller but more frequent deviations from normal rainfall patterns directly impact the welfare of poor households, particularly those in rural areas with limited access to markets (Safir et al., 2013 x Safir, Abla, Sharon Faye Piza and Emmanuel Skoufias. 2013,Disquiet on the Weather Front: The Welfare Impacts of Climatic Variability in the Rural Philippines, Policy Research Working Paper 6579. World Bank, Washington, D.C.. . ). Health effects have also been shown to be significant, particularly for young children and the elderly: in the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch, the probability of undernourishment in children almost quadrupled in the regions hit by the hurricane, and children were 30 per cent less likely to be taken to a doctor when they were sick (Baez, 2007 x Baez, Javier and Indhira Santos. 2007,Children’s Vulnerability to Weather Shocks: A Natural Disaster as a Natural Experiment, April 2007.. . ). In many cities in low and middle-income countries, weak and under-resourced local governments do not have the capacity to manage the processes that are generating and accumulating disaster risk, nor to provide social protection (UNISDR, 2009a x UNISDR. 2009a,Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a Changing Climate, Geneva, Switzerland: UNISDR.. . , 2011a, 2013a; Mitlin and Satterthwaite, 2013 x Mitlin, Diana and David Satterthwaite. 2013,Urban Poverty in the Global South, Scale and Nature. USA and Canada: Routledge Publishing.. . ). While annual local government spending (Figure 9.3) in a high-income country Figure 9.3 Annual local government expenditure per person (Source: United Cities and Local Government, 2010.)	Page 1 Page 10 Page 20 Page 30 Page 40 Page 50 Page 60 Page 70 Page 80 Page 90 Page 100 Page 110 Page 120 Page 130 Page 140 Page 150 Page 160 Page 170 Page 177 Page 178 Page 179 Page 180 Page 181 Page 182 Page 183 Page 184 Page 185 Page 186 Page 187 Page 188 ->Page 189 Page 190 Page 191 Page 192 Page 193 Page 194 Page 195 Page 196 Page 197 Page 198 Page 199 Page 200 Page 201 Page 210 Page 220 Page 230 Page 240 Page 250 Page 260 Page 270 Page 280 Page 290 Page 300 Page 310